tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14971440869158774812024-03-05T00:51:43.716-08:00Bahasa Inggris DasarEnglish Tutorial for Indonesian Beginners
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.comBlogger39125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-47304877611574817832019-02-24T07:13:00.002-08:002019-02-24T07:13:59.748-08:00Steve Jobs’ Commencement address on June 12, 2005 (another intermezzo)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I’ve ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That’s it. No big deal. Just three stories.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 1.0625em;"><br />I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?</span>The first story is about connecting the dots.</div>
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It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.</div>
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And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents’ savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn’t interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.</div>
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It wasn’t all romantic. I didn’t have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, I returned Coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:</div>
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Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn’t have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and sans serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can’t capture, and I found it fascinating.</div>
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None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But 10 years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backward 10 years later.</div>
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Again, you can’t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backward. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.</div>
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My second story is about love and loss.</div>
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I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents’ garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4,000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.</div>
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I really didn’t know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down — that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.</div>
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I didn’t see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.</div>
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During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Toy Story</em>, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.</div>
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I’m pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn’t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don’t lose faith. I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You’ve got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking. Don’t settle. As with all matters of the heart, you’ll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don’t settle.</div>
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My third story is about death.</div>
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When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: “If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you’ll most certainly be right.” It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: “If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.</div>
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Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I’ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure — these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.</div>
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About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn’t even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor’s code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you’d have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.</div>
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I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I’m fine now.</div>
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This was the closest I’ve been to facing death, and I hope it’s the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:</div>
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No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don’t want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life’s change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.</div>
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Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking. Don’t let the noise of others’ opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.</div>
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When I was young, there was an amazing publication called <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Whole Earth Catalog</em>, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: It was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.</div>
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Stewart and his team put out several issues of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Whole Earth Catalog</em>, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.</div>
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Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.</div>
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Thank you all very much.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Source Serif Pro, Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 17px;">https://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/</span></span></div>
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nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-6837298082496780962019-02-24T06:20:00.001-08:002019-02-24T06:37:18.495-08:00Greatest Love of All (Whitney Houston) - an intermezzo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Kita bisa juga belajar Bahasa Inggris dari sebuah lagu seperti lagu luar biasa ini: Greatest Love of All yang sejatinya terdiri dari beberapa versi. Di sini dihadirkan versi terbaik menurut saya yang dilantunkan oleh mendiang Whitney Houston. Lagu ini menyampaikan pesan yang sangat bagus sekali dan merupakan salah satu lagu yang paling saya sukai ... an everlasting!<br />
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<span data-ved="2ahUKEwjiw_aox9TgAhUM2o8KHX_GC4EQ2kooATAAegQIABAE"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwjiw_aox9TgAhUM2o8KHX_GC4EQMTAAegQIABAF" href="https://www.google.co.id/search?safe=active&q=Whitney+Houston&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLQz9U3sDArTFnEyh-ekVmSl1qp4JFfWlySnwcAiCz6UB4AAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiw_aox9TgAhUM2o8KHX_GC4EQMTAAegQIABAF" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Whitney Houston</a></span></div>
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<span jsname="YS01Ge">I believe the children are our future</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Teach them well and let them lead the way</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Show them all the beauty they possess inside</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Give them a sense of pride to make it easier</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Let the children's laughter remind us how we used to be</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Everybody searching for a hero</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">People need someone to look up to</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">I never found anyone who fulfill my needs</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">A lonely place to be</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">And so I learned to depend on me</span></div>
<div jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 12px;">
<span jsname="YS01Ge">I decided long ago</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Never to walk in anyone's shadows</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">If I fail, if I succeed</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">At least I'll live as I believe</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">No matter what they take from me</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">They can't take away my dignity</span></div>
<div jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 12px;">
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Because the greatest </span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Love of all is happening to me</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">I found the greatest </span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Love of all inside of me</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">The greatest love of all</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Is easy to achieve</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Learning to love yourself</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">It is the greatest love of all</span></div>
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<span jsname="YS01Ge">I believe the children are our future</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Teach them well and let them lead the way</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Show them all the beauty they possess inside</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Give them a sense of pride to make it easier</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Let the children's laughter remind us how we used to be</span></div>
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<span jsname="YS01Ge">I decided long ago</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Never to walk in anyone's shadows</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">If I fail, if I succeed</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">At least I'll live as I believe</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">No matter what they take from me</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">They can't take away my dignity</span></div>
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<span jsname="YS01Ge">Because the greatest </span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Love of all is happening to me</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">I found the greatest </span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Love of all inside of me</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">The greatest love of all</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Is easy to achieve</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Learning to love yourself</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">It is the greatest love of all</span></div>
<div class="xpdxpnd" data-mh="64" data-mhc="1" jsname="U8S5sf" style="line-height: 1.24; margin-bottom: 0px; max-height: 64px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.3s ease 0s;">
<span jsname="YS01Ge">And if, by chance, that special place</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">That you've been dreaming of</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Leads you to a lonely place</span><br />
<span jsname="YS01Ge">Find your strength in love</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="xpdxpnd kno-fb-ctx R5GB6b v2b5e Kvw2ac" data-mh="58" data-mhc="1" data-ved="2ahUKEwjiw_aox9TgAhUM2o8KHX_GC4EQycMBKAAwAXoECAAQBw" style="margin: 16px 16px 0px; max-height: 58px; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.3s ease 0s;">
<div style="color: #70757a; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 13px;">
Penulis lagu: Linda Creed / Michael Masser</div>
<div style="color: #70757a; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-top: 13px;">
Lirik Greatest Love of All © Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-54693504053590477022019-02-24T06:12:00.003-08:002019-02-24T06:27:51.782-08:00Nights in Barcelona (an Intermezzo)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/LuInlYYkFNI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LuInlYYkFNI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br />
Fariz Roestam Moenaf sejatinya merupakan salah seorang musisi hebat Indonesia, sayangnya beliau terpuruk karena narkoba. Untuk para generasi muda dan bagi siapa pun, hindari narkoba. Berhati-hatilah dalam pergaulan. Just say NO to drugs!!!</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-72979872040857133782019-02-14T19:21:00.002-08:002019-02-14T20:03:46.862-08:00Reported/Indirect Speech (Kalimat Tak Langsung)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcJsl6vHxI0XSXdALnRjPvVKYN5hVu8PXS6E1g7A2-dLKJGnTT16WBV1wTue9Pc882dvyF6JOUkt9K8B_44_yjU5KoKaDYkZpj8sTUnOBI501sXdVFtFlHgBAhGZ4lJfJAsykxWjhmh4/s1600/xreported-speech-bubble-2.jpg.pagespeed.ic.CAJ4jzEI_N.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcJsl6vHxI0XSXdALnRjPvVKYN5hVu8PXS6E1g7A2-dLKJGnTT16WBV1wTue9Pc882dvyF6JOUkt9K8B_44_yjU5KoKaDYkZpj8sTUnOBI501sXdVFtFlHgBAhGZ4lJfJAsykxWjhmh4/s1600/xreported-speech-bubble-2.jpg.pagespeed.ic.CAJ4jzEI_N.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reported/Indirect Speech adalah kalimat tak langsung yang
biasanya menggunakan kata-kata seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tell,
say</i> yang dibentuk dalam kalimat Present atau Past.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Untuk kalimat Present, maka sederhana saja untuk membentuknya
seperti contoh berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct Speech (Kalimat Langsung): </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina: “I want to go home.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indirect Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina says (that) she wants to
go home</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina tells (somebody) (that)
she wants to go home</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina: “What is it?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indirect Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina asked (me) what it is</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina: “is it your book?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indirect Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina asked if/whether it is
my book</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Note:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Penggunaaan kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that</i>
bersifat optional, artinya bisa digunakan atau tidak sama sekali.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Kita perlu mencermati perubahan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pronouns </i>(Kata Ganti) serta perubahan this menjadi that</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Bila Direct Speech berupa pertanyaan yang memerlukan jawaban <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ya atau tidak (yes/no questions)</i>,
maka kita perlu menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">if/whether</i>
pada Indirect Speech yang berarti apakah, dan kita tidak perlu menggunakan
tanda tanya lagi .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Jika sebuah kalimat diucapkan dan dilaporkan di waktu/hari yang
sama, maka tidak perlu mengalami perubahan tenses. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Bila memerlukan perubahan tenses, kita juga perlu memperhatikan
perubahan penggunaan waktu ketika menganti Direct Speech ke Indirect
Speech seperti ontoh-contoh berikut:</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Direct<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Reported/Indirect<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">now</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">then/at that time</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">today</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">that day</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">yesterday</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">the day before</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">the day before yesterday</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">two days before</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">tomorrow</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">today/the next day/the
following day</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">the day after tomorrow</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">in two days time</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">next week/month/year</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">the following
week/month/year</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">last week/month/year</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">the previous
week/month/year</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bila kalimat Direct Speech diucapkan di
hari/waktu yang berbeda, maka Indirect Speech<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian harus dibentuk seperti contoh-contoh berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina: “I want to go home”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indirect Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina said (that) she wanted
to go home</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bila Direct Speech dalam bentuk Past Tense, maka: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct Speech: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina: My mom asked me to go
to the mall yesterday</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indirect Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina said (that) her mom had
asked her to go the mall in the previous day</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Direct Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina: “What are they doing?’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Indirect Speech:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Dina asked what they were
doing </span></div>
Beberapa perubahan <b><i>tenses</i></b> yang terjadi pada Reported/Indirect
Speech:<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Direct Speech</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Indirect Speech</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Present Simple</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said, "I <b>bring </b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">my</span> </b>English book".</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Simple</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said that He <b>brought</b> his English book.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Present Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said, "I <b>am typing </b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a report</span></b>".</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said that she <b>was typing </b>a report.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Simple</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
They told me, "We <b>visited</b> Ancol".</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Perfect</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
They told me that they <b>had visited</b> Ancol.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Present Perfect</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She told me, "I <b>have talked to</b> him”.</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Perfect</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She told me that she <b>had talked to </b>him.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Perfect</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
"I <b>had bought </b>that book", he said.</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Perfect</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
He said that he <b>had bought </b>that book.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Present Perfect
Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
He said, "I <b>have been reading </b>this book".</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Perfect
Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
He said that he <b>had been reading</b> that book.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
"I <b>was studying</b>", he told me.</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Past Perfect
Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She told me that he <b>had been studying</b> </span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Future</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
He said, "I <b>will go</b> to Semarang tomorrow."</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Conditional</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
He said that he <b>would go</b> to Semarang in the following day.</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Future Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said, "I <b>will be talking to her</b>"</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Conditional
Continuous</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said that she <b>would be talking </b>to her</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Lalu bagaimana bila menggunakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">M<i><b>odals Auxiliaries? </b></i></i><i><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berikut
merupakan contoh-contohnya:</span></i></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Direct Speech<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Reported Speech<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Can</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said, "I <b>can</b> speak Japanese"</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Could</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said that she <b>could</b> speak Japanese</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Must</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>told me, "You <b>must</b>
work harder".</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Must/had to</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She told me that I <b>must/had to</b> work harder.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Would</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said, "I <b>would</b> like to be there".</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Would</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said that she <b>would</b> like to be there.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Could</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said, "I <b>could</b> draw better when I was young",
she said.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Could</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
She said that she <b>could</b> draw better when she was young.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Might</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
They said, "We <b>might</b> play volley ball tomorrow".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Might</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
They said that they <b>might</b> play volleyball in next day</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-35447754821620539452019-01-26T02:47:00.000-08:002019-01-26T20:35:59.605-08:00Phrasal Verbs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<a href="http://https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHwxdtT302I"></a><br />
<br />
Phrasal Verbs adalah gabungan antara Verb (Kata Kerja) dengan Particles yang bisa berupa Preposition dan Adverbs. Sebenarnya agak sedikit membingungkan bila disebut Adverbs karena secara homograf, sama dengan Preposition. Jadi tidak perlu terlalu dipikirkan, ingat saja Phrasal Verbs adalah Verb + Preposition. Phrase sendiri adalah gabungan kata.<br />
<br />
Preposition adalah kata depan, makanya untuk Phrasal Verbs bisa disebut gabungan V + Adverbs bila tak ada Kata Benda (Nouns) dan Kata Ganti yang mengikutinya karena Phrasal Verbs ada yang Transitive (diikuti obyek) dan ada juga yang tak diikuti obyek (Intransitive). <br />
Contoh: <br />
We have been waiting for them since 3 years ago (Transitive)<br />
I don’t know why they should hold on (Intranstive) <br />
<br />
Phrasal Verbs ada yang Separable, ada juga yang Inseparable. Yang Inseparable maksudnya bisa ditulis atau diucapkan dengan memisahkan Obyek (Nouns atau Pronouns) seperti: <br />
We should put off our shoes before entering the room . Kalimat ini bisa juga ditulis atau diucapkan dengan We should put the shoes off.<br />
Phrasal Verbs seperti look after, wait for, look at dan beberapa lainnya adalah Inseparable. <br />
Kalimat : We are looking for a new house, .tidak bisa ditulis atau diucapkan dengan: We are looking a new house for. <br />
<br />
Sayangnya satu-satunya cara untuk mengingatnya adalah dengan menghafalnya dan mempraktekkannya <br />
<br />
Beberapa contoh Phrasal Verbs:<br />
<br />
Phrasal Verbs Arti<br />
<br />
bring up menyebutkan sebuah topik <br />
bring up mengadopsi anak <br />
call off membatalkan <br />
do over mengulang sebuah pekerjaan <br />
fill out mengisi formulir <br />
fill up mengisi/memuat <br />
find out mencari tahu<br />
dsb<br />
<br />
Beberapa Phrasal Verbs ada yang terdiri lebih dari dua kata seperti: look forward to, get along with, dsb <br />
<br />
<br /></div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-71151742900856123682019-01-19T02:17:00.000-08:002019-01-19T08:58:01.522-08:00Preposition of Time<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="lead">
Preposition of Time digunakan untuk menyebutkan waktu tertentu
seperti tanggal, jam, hari, pekan, bulan, dan lain-lain. Sama halnya dengan
Preposition of Place, Preposition of Time juga terdiri dari: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at, in</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on</i>.</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">At – Digunakan untuk jam,
liburan dan waktu spesifik lainnya seperti “at night.”</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">In – Digunakan untuk bulan,
musim, tahun, abad, dan waktu-waktu di masa lampau.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">On – Digunakan untuk
hari-hari tertentu, tanggal-tanggal tertentu, dan lain-lain.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Robin
was born <i>at</i> 5 pm</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Robin
was born <i>in</i> August</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Robin
was born <i>on</i> Sunday</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Robin
was born <i>on</i> August 5</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Robin
was born <i>in</i> 2007 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr1BBoNu6hI</div>
</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-42164172561108092722019-01-19T02:00:00.001-08:002019-01-19T07:48:34.886-08:00Preposition of Place<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
<div class="lead">
Preposition
of Place adalah kata depan yang digunakan untuk
merujuk pada tempat dimana suatu benda atau seseorang berada dan hanya ada tiga
buah yaitu: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">at, in</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">on.</i></div>
<div class="lead">
<br /></div>
<div class="lead">
Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat dengan menggunakan Preposition of
Place:</div>
<div class="lead">
<br /></div>
Johny is waiting for Jimmy <i>at</i> the corner.<br />
The mall is located <i>at </i>the intersection of Main Street and Third Avenue.<br />
We spent a quiet evening <i>at </i>home.<br />
I’m growing tomatoes <i>in</i> my garden.<br />
Marie was born <i>in </i>Paris,
France.<br />
I was so tired that I took a nap <i>in </i>the car.<br />
Please place the bouquet <i>on </i>the table.<br />
I really wish you would stop throwing your dirty clothes <i>on</i> the
floor.<br />
What’s <i>on</i> the menu this evening?<br />
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-40862048290430137982019-01-19T01:42:00.001-08:002019-01-19T01:42:31.621-08:00Preposition<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
Preposisition adalah kata depan yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan Kata
Benda (Nouns) dan Kata Ganti (Pronouns) yang ada dalam kalimat. Biasanya
menghubungkan orang, obyek, waktu dan tempat. Biasanya sangat pendek dan sesuai
dengan namanya yaitu kata depan, maka penempatannya ada di depan kata benda
termasuk Gerund (Verbal Nouns). Namun kata depan memiliki peran penting bagi
pemaknaan sebuah kalimat.<br />
<br />
Berikut adalah beberapa preposition:<br />
<br />
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">about</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.3pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">below</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">excepting</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.05pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">off</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">toward</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">above</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.3pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">beneath</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">for</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.05pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">on</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">under</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">across</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.3pt;" valign="top" width="119">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">beside(s)</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 87.9pt;" valign="top" width="117">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">from</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.05pt;" valign="top" width="119">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">onto</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">underneath</span></i></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">after</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.3pt;" valign="top" width="119">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">between</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">in</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">out</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">until</span></i></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">against</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">beyond</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">in front of</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">outside</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">up</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">along</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">but</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">inside</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">over</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">upon</span></i></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">among</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">by</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">in spite of</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">past</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">up to</span></i></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">around</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">concerning</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">instead of</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">regarding</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">with</span></i></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">at </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">despite</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">into</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">since</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">within</span></i></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">because of</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">down</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">like</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">through</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">without</span></i></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">before</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">during</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">near</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">throughout</span></i></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">with regard to</span></i></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.8pt;" valign="top" width="116">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">behind</span></i></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.3pt;" valign="top" width="119">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">except</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">of</span></i></div>
</td>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">to</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">with respect to</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
Beberapa
Preposition juga menjadi frase yang dibentuk bersama Kata Kerja (Verb) yang
disebut sebagai Phrasal Verbs dan dibahas pada post berikutnya.</div>
<div style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-2830658065931257362019-01-15T16:20:00.000-08:002019-01-17T06:47:17.883-08:00Articles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Articles atau Kata-kata Sandang terdiri dari dua kelompok, yaitu; <b>Indefinite
Article</b> (Kata Sandang tak tentu):<i> a/an </i>dan <b>Definite
Article</b> (Kata Sandang tentu) : <i>the</i></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Article ‘a’ digunakan di depan kata yang berbunyi huruf konsonan
(huruf mati): a boy, a girl, a table, a university, a uniform, dsb</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sedangkan Article ‘an’ digunakan di depan kata yang berbunyi
huruf hidup (vowel sound) seperti: an apple, an umbrella, dsb. Selain itu juga
digunakan ketika huruf ‘h’ tidak diucapkan seperti: an hour, an honest person,
dsb</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kata ‘the’ digunakan di depan kata benda singular maupun
plural seperti:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am thinking about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
thing</b> you told me yesterday.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am thinking about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
things</b> you told me yesterday.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Penggunaan ‘the’ adalah untuk membatasi arti umum.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perhatikan contoh berikut: </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There’s <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a person</b>
outside. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The person</b> is coming here
now. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I bought <b>a pen</b> and <b>a pencil</b>. <b>The pencil </b>is cheaper than <b>the pen</b>. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<cite class="iUh30"></cite></div>
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nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-80854820336410294412019-01-10T09:27:00.000-08:002019-01-10T09:30:30.566-08:00Conjunctions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="p">
Conjunctions adalah kata-kata sambung seperti kata: <i class="i">and, or, but, then</i> dan <i class="i">because</i>:</div>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i">They knocked down all the houses <b class="b">and</b> they asked for donation.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i">How many students are there in the classroom now? Are there 3 <b class="b">or</b> 7?</i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i">My shirt looks great <b class="b">but </b>isn't very comfortable.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="section_anchor" id="and-but-either-or-etc-coordinating-conjunctions">
</div>
<div class="section_anchor" id="and-but-either-or-etc-coordinating-conjunctions">
Ada juga yang dinamakan sebagai Coordinating Conjunction seperti:<i> And, but, either ... or, neither ... nor, both ... and ...</i></div>
<div class="section_anchor" id="and-but-either-or-etc-coordinating-conjunctions">
</div>
<div class="section_anchor" id="and-but-either-or-etc-coordinating-conjunctions">
Gunanya adalah untuk menghubungkan hal-hal yang memiliki kesamaan tata bahasa seperti kata, frase, klausa. Umumnya ada pada:<span class="target"> <i class="i">and, or, but</i>. </span></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="content">
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i">Which shoes do you like? <span class="ruby"><span class="rt">The red </span><span class="rb"></span></span> <b class="b">or</b> the blue ones<span class="ruby"><span class="rb">?</span></span></i></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="content">
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i">You can eat these foods <b class="b">either</b> hot <b class="b">or</b> cold.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i"><b class="b">Neither</b> Johny <b class="b">nor</b> Andrew had been to France before.</i> (Meaning: Johny hadn’t been to France before and Andrew hadn’t been to France before.)</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i"><b class="b">Both</b> you <b class="b">and</b> I know what really happened.</i> (You know and <span class="target">I know what happened.)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
Beberapa Conjunction lainnya adalah<span class="target">: <i class="i">after, (al)though, as, before, if, since, that, until, when, whereas, while, once, so, as soon as, provided that, </i><span class="i">dan lazim disebut sebagai subordinating conjunction</span><i class="i">. </i>Bila suatu klausa mengikuti conjunction ini, maka menjadi klausa subordinat, yang memerlukan klausa.utama agar bisa membuat kalimat lengkap<span class="target">.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="content">
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i"><span class="ruby"><span class="rt">[klausa subordinat]</span><span class="rb"><b class="b">After</b> we decide</span></span>, <span class="ruby"><span class="rt">[main clause]we should do it</span><span class="rb"></span></span>.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i"><span class="ruby"><span class="rt">[klausa utama]</span><span class="rb">Everyone like the tour</span></span> <span class="ruby"><span class="rt">[klausa subordinat]</span><span class="rb"><b class="b">although</b> no one brought any cameras!</span></span></i></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="p">
<i class="i"><span class="ruby"><span class="rt">[klausa subordinat]</span><span class="rb"><b class="b">Before</b> we have our breakfast</span></span>, <span class="ruby"><span class="rt">[klausa utama]</span><span class="rb">we have to cook first</span></span>.</i></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="nav">
Beberapa Conjunction lainnya adalah sebagai berikut: </div>
<div class="nav">
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<br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i>although</i> or <i>though</i>? </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>as</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>as</i> … <i>as</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>if</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>once</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>since</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>so</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>that</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>until</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>when</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>whereas</i> </div>
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>while and whilst</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span> as long as</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as soon
as</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>except
that</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in order
that</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>so as to</i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
<div class="p" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
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</span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>provided
that:</i></div>
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nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-67008503722064932802019-01-08T17:33:00.001-08:002019-01-25T08:08:10.300-08:00Some & Any<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRY41Hu46f4hyphenhyphenp7DierWivi0oAfmNlJgvnOYwDEPBTELkyMlGHZXZm-Lfsx-ljFjewmJ8kWkjSKIF0FQwdw22q07POEW5HvZa0WXVXfRONFnqpvXgBWoRkAoz0yJbmwh7ziWt-D0mmHtw/s1600/some-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="278" data-original-width="467" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRY41Hu46f4hyphenhyphenp7DierWivi0oAfmNlJgvnOYwDEPBTELkyMlGHZXZm-Lfsx-ljFjewmJ8kWkjSKIF0FQwdw22q07POEW5HvZa0WXVXfRONFnqpvXgBWoRkAoz0yJbmwh7ziWt-D0mmHtw/s1600/some-1.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
Some & Any juga merupakan Quantifier yang berarti beberapa. Keduanya digunakan untuk benda yang dapat dihitung (Countable Nouns) dan benda yang tak bisa dihitung (Uncountable Nouns). Perbedaannya sederhana saja dan bisa disimpulkan dari contoh-contoh berikut:<br />
<br />
Contoh Penggunaan Some & Any pada Countable Nouns:<br />
<br />
There are <i>some </i>students in the class now.<br />
Are there <i>any</i> students in the class now? <br />
There aren't<i> any</i> students in the class now.<br />
<br />
Contoh Penggunaan Some & Any pada Uncountable Nouns:<br />
<br />
There is <i>some</i> sugar in the jar.<br />
is there <i>any</i> sugar in the jar?<br />
There isn't <i>any</i> sugar in the jar<br />
<br />
Jadi perbedaan penggunaan Some & Any adalah? Ya, Some untuk kalimat positif dan Any untuk kalimat negatif & interogatif ... :)<br />
<br />
Selain itu, bentuk negatif juga bisa menggunakan 'no' seperti contoh-contoh berikut:<br />
<br />
I have nothing to say = I don't have anything to say<br />
I saw nobody there last night = I didn't see anybody there lasti night<br />
I want to go nowhere = I don't want to go anywhere<br />
dsb <br />
<br />
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nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-58005114158979762042019-01-08T17:10:00.000-08:002019-01-08T18:27:35.892-08:00Little, A Little, Few, A Few (Nouns Quantifiers)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<br />
Penggunaan few, a few, little dan a little kadangkala membingungkan. a few, few, little dan a little adalah Noun Quantifiers atau penjumlah kata benda. Semuanya berarti beberapa (tidak terlalu banyak/sedikit). Perbedaan penggunaan diantara Noun Quantifiers di atas bisa dilihat pada contoh-contoh berikut:<br />
<br />
They can have <i>little</i> money to spend. That's why they sometimes complain ..<br />
They can have <i>a liitle</i> money to spend. Though they're not too much, at least, they feel relieved ...<br />
<br />
Bagaimana pendapat Anda memperbandingkan kedua kalimat di atas? Ya, penggunaan a little lebih bersifat positif, sebaliknya penggunaan little bersifat negatif.<br />
<br />
Only <i>few</i> people I have met are good ones ...<br />
I think there are only <i>a few</i> of them are nice ...<br />
<br />
Sama dengan kedua contoh kalimat sebelumnya, kedua contoh kalimat berikutnya memiliki perbedaan pada pengertian <i>negatif dan positif.</i> Jadi ingat saja, bila menggunakan article: <i>a</i>, maka pengertiannya adalah positif. Selain itu, baik few dan a few bisa digunakan untuk benda yang bisa dihitung (Countable Nouns) maupun yang tak bisa dihitung (Uncountable Nouns). Sedangkan little dan a little digunakan untuk benda yang tak bisa dihitung (Uncountable Nouns). Sederhana sekali, bukan? :)<br />
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nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-50147950242448446502018-12-21T23:15:00.000-08:002019-01-08T17:48:01.139-08:00Passive Voice<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Passive Voice adalah kalimat pasif yang kalau dalam Bahasa Indonesia, pemakaian kata kerjanya menggunakan awalan –di atau –ter. <br />
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Contoh:<br />
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Budi menulis essay setiap hari (aktif)<br />
Essay ditulis Budi setiap hari (pasif)<br />
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Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kedua kalimat di atas menjadi: <br />
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Budi writes essays every day (active)<br />
Essays are written by Budi every day (passive)<br />
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Penggunaan Passive Voice ini untuk menekankan aktivitas atau perbuatan (melalui verb) dan obyek dibandingkan Subyek. <br />
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Contoh: <br />
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Oil is much produced in Indonesia (passive)<br />
Indonesia produces much oil (active)<br />
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The concert is attended by more than 10.000 people (passive)<br />
More than 10.000 attend the concert (active) <br />
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Jadi bagaimana pola yang digunakan dalam kalimat pasif? <br />
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Sederhana saja, yaitu: S + to be + V3 (Past Participle) <br />
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Tetapi, penggunaan to be di atas harus selaras dengan tenses yang digunakan. Contoh-contoh kalimat di atas menggunakan Simple Present Tense. Sehingga to be yang digunakan adalah is. <br />
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Lalu bagimana kalau kalimatnya dalam kalimat Simple Past Tense misalnya? <br />
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The concert was attended by more than 10.000 people last week (active)<br />
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Is berubah menjadi was karena Subyeknya adalah The concert yang kalau menggunakan Pronouns menjadi it. It pasangannya adalah is (Simple Present Tense) dan was (Simple Past Tense). Begitu seterusnya … Mudah bukan? :)</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-86409061916883055782018-12-15T17:29:00.000-08:002019-01-08T17:42:56.556-08:00Infinitive<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Infinitive adalah bentuk dasar dari kata kerja (verb). Infinitive sendiri memiliki dua bentuk, yaitu: To + infinitive = to + base (kata kerja dasar yang diawali dengan -to) dan The zero infinitive = base (kata kerja dasar tanpa diawali dengan - to).<br />
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Kata-kata dasar yang kita temukan dalam kamus merupakan kata dasar infinitive (present infinitive base). Selain present ada juga perfect infinitive, perfect continuous infinitive, continuous infinitive, dan passive infinitive. <br />
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Bila terdapat kata kerja yang harus diikuti oleh Gerund seperti dijelaskan pada post terdahulu, maka ada pula kata kerja yang diikuti dengan to infinitive, kata kerja tersebut antara lain: <b>advice, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, dan warn, expect, intend, would, prefer, want, would like, allow, force, get, teach. </b> <br />
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Pola kalimat to infinitive <br />
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Pola I S + V + to + V <br />
Contoh: I want to sleep. <br />
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Pola II S + V + Noun Phrase + to + V S + V + Noun + to + V <br />
I want my students to study well. I want her to study well<br />
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Pola III S + Be + Adjective+ to + V <br />
It is easy to say. <br />
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Pola IV Pola passive infinitive (to be + past participle) <br />
She hopes to be invited to the party. </div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-4762942898478385742018-12-15T01:54:00.002-08:002019-01-08T17:45:50.849-08:00Gerund<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Gerund adalah kata benda (Noun) yang berasal dari kata kerja (Verb) sehingga Gerund seringkali disebut juga dengan Verbal Noun. Gerund terbentuk dengan menambahkan suffix -ing pada setiap katanya seperti halnya bentuk continouos/progressive. Tetapi tentu saja keduanya berbeda.<br />
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1. <b>Understanding</b> what we need helps us spend our money wisely. <br />
2. They're <b>talking</b> about the lesson they just learned in class. <br />
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Dari dua contoh kalimat di atas,kalimat yang pertama adalah kalimat dengan menggunakan Gerund yaitu berfungsi sebagai <b>Subject</b> pada kata: understanding. <br />
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Sedangkan contoh kalimat kedua adalah dalam bentuk <b>Simple Present Continuous Tense</b> yang menggunakan kata kerja: talking. <b>Lalu, kapan Gerund digunakan?</b> <br />
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1. Penempatan yang pertama seperti contoh kalimat pertama di atas yaitu sebagai <b>Subject</b> sebuah kalimat. Jadi bila kata kerja mengawali suatu kalimat, maka harus menggunakan -ing, selain menggunakan bentuk Infinitive dan kalimat perintah. <br />
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- <b>To understand<b></b></b> what we need helps us spend our money wisely. (infinitive). <br />
- <b>Bring</b> your book tomorrow, ok? (kalimat perintah)yang tak memerlukan gerund atau infinitive. <br />
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2. Setelah Preposisi: Apapun tenses sebuah kalimat, kita hanya perlu menggunakan gerund. Contoh: What did you do <b>after</b> finishing your class yesterday? <br />
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3. Sebagai direct object: They love <b>going</b> shopping <br />
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4. Setelah kata kerja tertentu: They <b>enjoy </b>playing together. Bila ada kalimat yang menggunakan dua kata kerja seperti pada kalimat: They enjoy playing together di atas, maka pilihannya ada dua yaitu menggunakan Gerund atau Infintive. <br />
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Adapun kata-kata kerja yang harus diikuti oleh Gerund antara lain: Enjoy, Love*, Hate, Finish, Stop*, Like*, Neglect, Continue, Prefer, can't stand,dan beberapa kata kerja lainnya. <br />
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Namun demikian, ada juga kata kerja yang bisa diikuti oleh gerund maupun infinitive seperti kata: Like, Stop, Love. Tapi pada kata Stop/Quit/Cease, bisa memiliki konotasi yang tak sama. - He stops smoking (Pengertian: Dia tak lagi merokok). <br />
- He stops to smoke (Pengertian: Dia berhenti melakukan sesuatu untuk merokok). <br />
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Tetapi, pada kalimat seperti: She loves playing tennis artinya sama dengan She loves to play tennis. </div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-62892406275161174612018-12-10T23:10:00.002-08:002019-01-04T08:49:11.811-08:00Prolog Revised<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Beberapa keluhan yang kerap dilontarkan oleh banyak orang yang mempelajari Bahasa Inggris, terutama pada kelompok pemula adalah ketidakpahaman mereka dengan struktur tata bahasanya karena mereka menganggap tata Bahasa Inggris itu terlalu rumit, begitu juga dengan ejaan dan pengucapannya. <br />
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Sebenarnya, kendala-kendala tersebut dapat teratasi bila mereka mulai mencoba memahami berbagai bentuk kata dalam Bahasa Inggris. Itulah kunci pertama yang hendaknya dikuasai. Pada tahap pemula, tidak perlu banyak-banyak dulu memahami semua bentuk kata. Mulailah dengan memahami bentuk-bentuk kata yang utama (Parts of Speech) terlebih dahulu seperti Kata Kerja (Verb),Kata Benda (Noun), Kata Sifat (Adjective), Kata Keterangan (Adverb, dan Kata Ganti (Pronoun). <br />
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Sejatinya, sama halnya dengan struktur Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris juga memiliki struktur kalimat yang sederhana yang terdiri dari Subyek dan Predikat. Bedanya, predikat dalam Bahasa Inggris kadang-kadang harus menggunakan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) bila suatu kalimat tidak memiliki kata kerja. <br />
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Perhatikan beberapa contoh kalimat berikut: <br />
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Saya pergi. Ini sudah merupakan sebuah kalimat karena Saya adalah Subyek dan kata pergi adalah Predikat yang menggunakan Kata Kerja (Verb). Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalimat tersebut menjadi: I go, dimana I adalah Subyek dan go (Verb) yang berarti pergi. <br />
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Kemudian pada kalimat: Saya kaya. <br />
Kalimat ini tidak memiliki kata kerja, dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Subyek boleh langsung diikuti oleh kata kaya yang merupakan kata sifat. <br />
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Dalam Bahasa Inggris kalimat tersebut memerlukan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) yaitu to be yang terdiri dari am, is, are. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalimat tersebut menjadi I am rich. Begitu juga bila Subyek diiukti oleh kata-kata lainnya seperti kata benda (He is a teacher), kata keterangan (we are here) dan kata ganti (That book is mine). <br />
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Kita juga perlu memperhatikan pasangan setiap to be dengan Subyek. Makanya, kita harus tahu dulu setiap kata ganti itu. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ganti memiliki perbedaan berdasarkan Subyek, Obyek, Kepunyaan yang juga terdiri atas dua jenis yaitu kata kepunyaan yang diikuti kata benda (Possessive Pronoun) dan yang tidak diiukti oleh kata benda (Personal Pronoun).<br />
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Cobalah Anda sekarang mulai kembali melihat-lihat buku tata bahasa Inggris Anda, terutama bentuk kata kata ganti (pronoun). Coba kerjakan latihan-latihan sederhana terlebih dahulu. Setelah mampu menguasainya, maka akan lebih mudah masuk mempelajari Tenses (kata keterangan waktu) yang dianggap paling susah dipahami itu. Sederhananya, dalam mempelajari tenses, yang perlu diingat adalah perubahan kata-kata kerja berdasarkan keterangan waktu lampau, sekarang dan akan datang (Past, Present, Future). <br />
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Kuasai dulu bentuk Present sebelum mencoba ke bentuk-bentuk lainnya. Anda akan lebih mudah memahami bentuk-bentuk lampau kata kerja bantu to be yaitu was dan were, begitu pun bentuk participle-nya yaitu been. Begitu seterusnya, belajar berdasarkan undakan. <br />
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Dalam menguasai tenses, maka kita akan bermain dengan logika karena kalimat-kalimat tenses yang dianggap rumit seperti Past Perfect Tense dan Past Continuous Tense meminta kita memperhatikan urutan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa. <br />
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Mengenai kendala berikutnya yaitu kendala ejaan dan pengucapan sebenarnya hanyalah masalah rutinitas saja. Practices make perfect, banyak berlatih akan membuat Anda lebih baik. Sering-seringlah membaca dan menulis dalam bahasa Inggris. Tidak apa salah, asalkan setelah itu Anda mencoba mengevaluasinya lewat buku atau bantuan teman atau guru Anda. Yang salah adalah bila Anda tidak pernah mau mencobanya. Begitu juga dengan kemampuan pengucapan. <br />
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Perbanyaklah menonton acara-acara berbahasa Inggris atau belajar menggunakan panduan DVD yang sekarang banyak beredar di pasaran atau pada berbagai panduan tutorial video yang ada di blog ini, atau sering mempraktekkan setiap kata dan kalimat yang dikuasai dengan teman atau guru Anda. Akan lebih baik lagi bila Anda mengikuti kursus Bahasa Inggris dimana Anda berkesempatan memiliki banyak mitra untuk berlatih dengan panduan seorang guru. Selamat mencoba …<br />
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*Silahkan disebarkan, dicopy paste dan dicetak ... Semoga bermanfaat ... :) </div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-82888513610069421772018-12-10T23:05:00.000-08:002019-01-23T20:22:48.385-08:00Utamakan Bahasa Indonesia, Pelihara Bahasa Daerah dan Kuasai Bahasa Asing [intermezzo]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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'Credit' untuk kata-kata di atas musti diberikan kepada Ivan Lanin, pakar dan penggiat Bahasa. Kata-kata dimaksud sangat ringkas dan mengena (concise & precise). <br />
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Bahasa adalah produk budaya suatu entitas masyarakat. Indonesia diberkahi dengan keragaman suku yang masing-masing merupakan sub-bangsa Indonesia. Berbagai sub-bangsa itu memiliki bahasanya sendiri sebagai identitas dan alat komunikasi untuk berinteraksi. <br />
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Indonesia bisa disebut sebagai sebuah negara-bangsa (nation-state) yang memerlukan bahasa resmi, pemersatu dan menjadi salah satu identitas ke-Indonesia-an, yaitu Bahasa Indonesia, sebagaimana yang telah menjadi semangat Sumpah Pemuda 1928, Satu Nusa, Satu Bangsa, Satu Bahasa: Indonesia. Untuk berinteraksi dengan masyarakat negara lainnya, kita perlu menguasai bahasa Asing terutama Bahasa Internasional (lingua franca) seperti Bahasa Inggris. </div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-14039330134811669882011-01-14T23:14:00.000-08:002019-01-24T09:07:15.514-08:00Kalimat-kalimat Pengandaian (Conditional Sentences)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Conditional Sentences hanya bisa dengan mudah dipahami bila Anda telah menguasai Tenses yang telah dihadirkan sebelumnya.<br />
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Conditional Sentences menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga <i>if-clauses</i>.<br />
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Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Type I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta.<br />
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Conditional I<br />
<br />
Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan
pengandaian yang dibuat berdasarkan fakta di masa sekarang atau masa
yang akan datang dan pengandaian ini bisa saja terjadi. Klausa 'if'
biasanya dalam bentuk Present Simple Tense.<br />
<br />
Contoh: <br />
<br />
If you come on time, you will find me there.<br />
<br />
(it is possible for you to find me there) <br />
<br />
Kalimat ini mengindikasikan kemungkinan untuk bertemu dengan saya sangat mungkin karena syarat-syaratnya ada/bisa dipenuhi.<br />
<br />
Kita sering menggunakan unless yang artinya 'jika... tidak<br />
<br />
I won't mark your homework,unless you hand it in.<br />
<br />
Berikutnya ada Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Type II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi (contrary to the facts).<br />
<br />
Uniknya, meskipun untuk menyatakan suatu hal yang terjadi di masa sekarang (Present), formula kalimat yang digunakan berbentuk lampau (Past). Selain itu, untuk kalimat yang menggunakan auxiliary be, kita hanya menggunakan kata: were, apapun Subyeknya. Ini yang kadang-kadang sering membingungkan. Tetapi untuk American English, tetap menggunakan was/were.<br />
<br />
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut:<br />
<br />
If I had wings, I would fly anywhere I want.<br />
The Fact: I don't have any wings.<br />
<br />
I f I were you, I wouldn't do that.<br />
The Fact: I am not you. ' <br />
<br />
Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Type III, biasanya digunakan untuk mengekspresikan suatu penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau. Formula kalimat yang digunakan menggunakan Past Participle.<br />
<br />
If I had come there yesterday, I would have had chance to see you all ...<br />
The Fact: I did't come there yesterday ...<br />
<br />
If I had been there yesterday, I would have had chance to see you all ...<br />
The Fact: I wasn't there yesterday ... <br />
<br />
Catatan:<br />
<br />
Jika klausa "if" diletakkan di awal kalimat, kita harus menggunakan koma (,). Sebaliknya jika klausa "if" berada di belakang, maka tidak perlu ada koma.<br />
<br />
Selain itu, terutama dalam kalimat percakapan, Conditional Sentences kerap diucapkan tanpa menggunakan 'if' seperti:<br />
<br />
Were I you, I woudn't do that yang maksudnya sama dengan: If I were you, I wouldn't do that.<br />
<br />
Untuk Conditional Sentences 2 dan 3, seringkali juga diucapkan dengan menggantikan 'if' dengan 'wish' karena sifatnya tak sesuai kenyataan (berandai-andai) dan mengandung pengharapan dan juga penyesalan.<br />
<br />
I wish I were a tycoon = Saya berharap saya seorang konglomerat, yang maksudnya sama dengan 'If I were a tycoon ...' = Jika saya saya seorang konglomerat ...<br />
dsb <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-65684334866095361092010-04-16T19:09:00.001-07:002019-01-23T20:33:44.695-08:00Simple Future Tense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
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<br />
Punya banyak rencana (plan/intention)? atau apakah teman-teman gemar berwacana saja ? <br />
<br />
Ya sekarang kita masuk ke pelajaran tentang hal-hal yang belum kita lakukan tetapi berniat atau berencana untuk melakukannya, terlepas jadi atau tidaknya kita merealisasikan rencana itu. <br />
<br />
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalimat itu terstruktrur dalam Simple Future Tense (SFT)<br />
SFT memiliki pola kalimat sbb: <br />
<br />
S + will/shall + V1 + Complement (pelengkap) (Positive)<br />
dan<br />
S + to be going to + Complement<br />
<br />
<br />
S + will/shall not + V1 + Complement (Negative)<br />
to be going to <br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Will not</span> biasa disingkat dengan <span style="font-style: italic;">won't</span> dan <span style="font-style: italic;">shall not</span> disingkat dengan <span style="font-style: italic;">shan't</span><br />
<br />
Will/shall + S + V1 + Complement ? (Interrogative)<br />
to be going to<br />
<br />
Yang perlu kita cermati dalam memahami SFT adalah kapan penggunaan <span style="font-style: italic;">will/shall</span> atau to be going to digunakan.Ketiganya berarti sama yaitu "akan". <br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Will</span> bisa digunakan dengan Subject apa saja, sementara <span style="font-style: italic;">shall</span> hanya dengan <span style="font-style: italic;">I</span> dan <span style="font-style: italic;">we</span> saja. Jadi tidak ada, She shall go, dsb. <br />
Baik <span style="font-style: italic;">will</span> maupun <span style="font-style: italic;">shall</span> digunakan untuk rencana kegiatan yang belum pasti kita lakukan. Kita belum begitu yakin (less than 100% of probability. <br />
Berbeda dengan <span style="font-style: italic;">to be going to</span> yang demikian mantap kepastiannya. Penggunaan <span style="font-style: italic;">to be going to</span> juga dapat digunakan oleh semua Subject seperti halnya pada <span style="font-style: italic;">will</span>. <br />
<br />
Jadi, <span style="font-style: italic;">I will go to London</span> berbeda dengan <span style="font-style: italic;">I am going to London</span> karena untuk kalimat yang pertama belum yakin pergi ke Londonnya. <br />
<br />
Selain itu, bila kalimat yang kata yang dibuat setelah kata will/shall/to be going to bukan kata kerja (verbs) maka, kita cukup kata<i> be</i>. Contoh I will <i>be</i> there, dsb.<br />
<br />
Mudah bukan?</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-2384260012219628292010-03-26T07:21:00.000-07:002019-01-30T06:22:11.267-08:00Present Perfect Continuous Tense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Pernah ditanya sudah berapa lama anda bekerja di tempat Anda sekarang? Tipikalnya sih seperti ini, sudah berapa lama sih kamu kerja di sini? Terus bagaimana ya membuat pertanyaanya dalam Bahasa Inggris?<br />
<br />
Di situlah Tense ini digunakan, maka pertanyaannya adalah: <i>How long have you been working here?</i><br />
<br />
kira-kira jawaban teman2 katakanlah seperti ini: Saya sudah bekerja di sini sejak tahun 2006.<br />
<br />
Jadinya, <i>I have been working here since 2006.</i><br />
<br />
Apa yang dapat disimpulkan dari kalimat-kalimat dalam Tense ini.<br />
<br />
Ya! ia menjelaskan tentang durasi lamanya masa suatu aktivitas yang dikerjakan oleh subyek. Pada kalimat di atas: "Saya sudah bekerja di sini sejak tahun 2006" = "I have been working here since 2006."<br />
Lamanya suatu pekerjaan diterangkan dari saat mulai hingga saat dibicarakan. Makanya Tense ini menggunakan kata "For" = selama atau "Since"= sejak.<br />
<br />
Bandingkan:<br />
<br />
I have been working here <i>since 2006</i><br />
<br />
I have been working here <i>for 4 years. </i>(Asumsi: Bila dikatakan pada 2010)<br />
<br />
Arti kedua kalimat sih sama saja, dimana yang pertama menerangkan tahun dimulainya bekerja, sementara yang kedua menerangkan durasi yaitu lamanya masa bekerja.<br />
<br />
- Polanya adalah : Subyek + Have/has + V-ing + since / for...<br />
<br />
Sederhana bukan? Dan Tense ini juga kerap disebut dengan Present Perfect Progressive Tense.</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-4431318761636616722010-03-13T05:00:00.000-08:002019-01-23T20:09:15.845-08:00Past Perfect Tense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I had eaten my breakfast before I left home this morning.<br />
<br />
Apa yang ada di benak teman-teman melihat kalimat ini? apakah ada dua peristiwa? ya. Apa saja? makan dan pergi atau meninggalkan rumah. Kapan? di masa lampau? ya yaitu di pagi hari. Ada perbuatan yang terjadi lebih dahulu? ya yaitu makan atau sarapan.<br />
<br />
Nah itulah pemakaian Past Perfect Tense, yaitu untuk menerangkan dua kejadian/peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lalu. Penekanannya adalah pada kalimat pertama yaitu I had Eaten yang polanya menggunakan auxiliary 9kata kerja bantu) had + V3. Sementara untuk kalimat kedua kita menggunakan pola Past Tense: left (V2).<br />
<br />
Jadi Past Perfect Tense adalah untuk menggambarkan peristiwa kejadian yang mendahului satu peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau.<br />
<br />
Contoh lain:<br />
<br />
Saya berbicara dengan Johny sebulan sebelum dia meninggal.<br />
<br />
I had talked to Johny a month before he passed away....<br />
Pola kalimat<br />
<br />
S + had + V3<br />
<br />
Gampang bukan?</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-87427176671239074602010-03-04T05:52:00.000-08:002019-01-23T20:19:21.180-08:00Present Perfect Tense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Have you eaten? </span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Did you eat in that canteen this morning?</span> <br />
<br />
Dua kalimat di atas menanyakan dua hal yang (mungkin) telah dilakukan oleh seseorang di masa lalu dimana yang pertama pertanyaannya mengindikasikan apakah sudah makan atau belum. Disini, si penanya ingin mengkonfirmasi atau mencek apakah orang yang ditanya telah makan sebelumnya.<br />
<br />
Sementara, untuk kalimat kedua adalah si penanya bertanya apakah orang yang ditanya telah makan pada suatu waktu di masa lalu di sebuah kantin yang sama-sama telah mereka ketahui. <br />
<br />
Untuk kalimat kedua di atas adalah kalimat <span style="font-style: italic;">Simple Past Tense</span> yang telah kita bahas sebelumnya (silahkan lihat lagi bila masih belum mengerti).Kalimat yang pertama adalah kalimat <span style="font-style: italic;">Simple Present Perfect Tense.</span><br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Simple Present Perfect Tense</span> digunakan untuk memyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan di masa lalu. Sederhananya, (kembali perhatikan kedua kalimat di atas), dimana dalam <span style="font-style: italic;">Simple Past Tense</span> terdapat keterangan waktu yang pasti sementara yang pertama tidak.Itulah salah satu perbedaan diantara kedua Tenses ini. <br />
<br />
Dari situ, kita dapat membuat kesimpulan bahwa <span style="font-style: italic;">Present Perfect Tense</span> adalah untuk mengindikasikan perbuatan di masa lalu dimana waktunya belum jelas atau tidak jelas sama sekali. Biasanya menggunakan keternagan waktu "before", dsb.<br />
<br />
Perbedaan kedua antara kedua Tenses tersebut adalah penggunaan kata kerja dan kata kerja bantu (auxiliary)-nya yaitu <span style="font-style: italic;">Have/Has</span>.Ingat bahwa kata kerja ada yang beraturan dan yang tidak beraturan (Regular/Irregular).<br />
<br />
Formula Simple Present Perfect Tense:<br />
<br />
(+) S + have/has + V3 + (before), dsb<br />
<br />
contoh:<br />
<br />
I <span style="font-style: italic;">have watched</span> that movie <span style="font-style: italic;">before</span> (saya telah menonton film itu sebelumnya)<br />
<br />
I <span style="font-style: italic;">have been</span> in England.(saya pernah di Inggris)<br />
<br />
Bandingkan:<br />
<br />
I <span style="font-style: italic;">watched</span> that movie <span style="font-style: italic;">last month</span> (saya telah menonton film itu bulan lalu) <br />
I <span style="font-style: italic;">was</span> in England <span style="font-style: italic;">two years ago.</span> (saya di Inggris dua tahun lalu)<br />
<br />
Lalu, bagaimana dengan kalimat Negative dan Interrogative dalam Present Perfect Tense? Polanya sama saja dengan Tenses yang lainnya dimana untuk kalimat Negative hanya menempatkan Auxiliary di depan Subject dan untuk kalimat negative cukup menempatkan kata "not' setelah auxiliary.<br />
<br />
Contoh:<br />
<br />
(-)I have not (haven't) watched that movie before<br />
She hasn't watched that movie before.<br />
<br />
(?)Have you watched that movie before? <br />
Has she watched that movie before? <br />
<br />
Sementara kapan pemakaian auxiliaru have atau has tergantung dari Subject yang digunakan, dimana untuk Subject orang ketiga tunggal seperti dia (he/she/it/Tono/Tini, dsb) kita menggunakan auxiliary "has", dan yang lainnya kita menggunakan auxiliary "have".<br />
<br />
Sederhana sekali bukan? ;)</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-58765181469495522162010-02-25T05:21:00.000-08:002019-01-23T20:21:24.743-08:00Simple Past Continuous Tense<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Formula<br />
[was / were + present participle]<br />
Contoh:<br />
* You <span style="font-style: italic;">were studying</span> when she called.<br />
* <span style="font-style: italic;">Were</span> you <span style="font-style: italic;">studying</span> when she called?<br />
* You <span style="font-style: italic;">were not studying </span>when she called.<br />
<br />
Penggunaan 1<br />
Untuk menerangkan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi di masa lalu yang terpaksa terhenti sejenak akibat sesuatu hal, seperti berikut:<br />
<br />
* I was watching TV when she called = <br />
Saya sedang menonton tv saat dia menelepon<br />
* While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off = <br />
Saat saya sedang menulis sebuah email, tiba-tiba komputer mati. <br />
<br />
Penggunaan 2<br />
Penggunaan ini mungkin agak sedikit membuat bingung dengan penggunaan Simple Past Tense karena terjadi di masa lampau juga. Bedanya, Simple Past Tense menunjukkan <span style="font-style: italic;">telah dimulai atau selesainya pekerjaan di masa lampau</span>. Sementara dalam Simple Past Continuous Tense, yang ditekankan adalah <span style="font-style: italic;">perbuatan yang sedang dilakukan di masa lampau</span>. <br />
<br />
Contoh:(Simple Past Continuous Tense)<br />
* Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.<br />
* At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.<br />
* Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.<br />
<br />
Bandingkan:(Simple Past Tense)<br />
* Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.<br />
I started eating at 6 PM.<br />
* Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.<br />
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.<br />
<br />
Penggunaan 3 <br />
Menunjukkan perbuatan yang terjadi secara paralel dimana ada dua atau lebih kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan dalam waktu bersamaan sebagai berikut:<br />
* I <span style="font-style: italic;">was studying</span> while <span style="font-style: italic;">he was making</span> dinner.<br />
* While <span style="font-style: italic;">Ellen was reading, Tim was watching</span> television.<br />
* <span style="font-style: italic;">Were you listening</span> while <span style="font-style: italic;">he was talking?</span><br />
<br />
Penggunaan 4 <br />
Menunjukkan Suasana<br />
Dalam bahasa Inggris, tindakan paralel untuk menggambarkan suasana pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau seringkali digunakan seperti berikut:<br />
* When I walked into the office, several people <span style="font-style: italic;">were</span> busily <span style="font-style: italic;">typing</span>, <span style="font-style: italic;">some were talking</span> on the phones, the boss <span style="font-style: italic;">was yelling</span> directions, and customers <span style="font-style: italic;">were waiting </span>to be helped. One customer <span style="font-style: italic;">was yelling </span>at a secretary and <span style="font-style: italic;">waving </span>his hands. Others <span style="font-style: italic;">were complaining</span> to each other about the bad service.<br />
<br />
Penggunaan 5 <br />
Untuk menunjukkan pengulangan dan iritasi dengan menggunakan kata "always" atau "constantly" yang menunjukkan gagasan bahwa sesuatu yang mengganggu sering terjadi di masa lalu. Konsepnya sama agak mirip dengan penggunaan "used to" yang berarti biasanya di masa lalu itu tetapi dengan emosi negatif. Ingat untuk selalu menggunakan kata-kata "always" atau "constantly" diantara "be" dan "verb+ing", seperti berikut: <br />
* She <span style="font-style: italic;">was always coming</span> to class late.<br />
* He <span style="font-style: italic;">w</span><span style="font-style: italic;">as constantly talking</span>. He annoyed everyone.<br />
* I didn't like them because they <span style="font-style: italic;">were always complaining.</span><br />
<br />
Kapan menggunakan "While" dan "When"<br />
<br />
Kalimat Simple Past Continuous Tense adalah kalimat majemuk yang terdiri dari dari lebih dari satu klausa. Klausa adalah kelompok kata yang memiliki makna, namun sering bukan sebagai kalimat lengkap. Beberapa klausa dimulai dengan kata "when" seperti "when she called" Klausa lain dimulai dengan "while" seperti "while she was sleeping". Ketika Anda berbicara tentang hal-hal di masa lalu, "when" yang paling sering diikuti oleh kata kerja Simple Past tense, sedangkan "while" biasanya diikuti oleh Past Continuous. "While" mengungkapkan gagasan "selama waktu itu." Perhatikan dan pelajari contoh-contoh di bawah ini. Kalimat-kalimat tersebut memiliki makna serupa, tetapi kalimat-kalimat tersebut menekankan adanya bagian yang berbeda dari kalimat.<br />
* I was studying when she called = Saya sedang belajar ketika dia menelepon.<br />
* While I was studying, she called = Ketika saya sedang belajar, dia menelepon.</div>
nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-32162043579472436612010-02-12T07:22:00.000-08:002010-02-12T08:11:56.154-08:00Simple Past Tense<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIeSC9SqBCRVGv_g_CZ9x8-0ypEn6iiAPIjTC3JyQTyCTJFcFfk5iL3Hz7ANsUYFkO666XWRNM4-H74b-tltLRxVABo1QsxPj8nNTTI7eXE_FYLSR5S6c8BOw2OB5ayVgLc4HDWtOmx8/s1600-h/WhyWereYouA&B.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 235px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIeSC9SqBCRVGv_g_CZ9x8-0ypEn6iiAPIjTC3JyQTyCTJFcFfk5iL3Hz7ANsUYFkO666XWRNM4-H74b-tltLRxVABo1QsxPj8nNTTI7eXE_FYLSR5S6c8BOw2OB5ayVgLc4HDWtOmx8/s320/WhyWereYouA&B.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437390277195780018" /></a><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ttjAMb3II_Q&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ttjAMb3II_Q&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />FORMULA : S + [Verb + ed atau kata kerja tak beraturan)+ keterangan waktu masa lalu<br /> <br />* You called Dewi.<br />* Did you call Dewi?<br />* You did not call Dewi.<br /><br />Yang paling perlu diingat dalam menggunakan Simple Past Tense adalah:<br /><br />1. Kata Kerja yang digunakan adalah kata kerja kedua; dimana kita harus mengetahui bahwa kata-kata kerja dimaksud ada yang beraturan (berakhiran -d/-ed) dan kata kerja tidak beraturan. Kata-kata kerja tersebut hanya digunakan dalam kalimat positif. <br />2. Kata kerja bantu (auxiliaries) yang digunakan adalah was, were bila kalimat yang akan digunakan tidak menggunakan kata kerja seperti : <br />-I was happy yesterday, They were at home last night, dsb.<br />-Did, bila kata kalimat yang dibuat menggunakan kata kerja tetapi hanya untuk kalimat Negatif dan Interogatif dimana kata kerja yang ada kembali ke bentuk 1. <br />3. Kata keterangan waktunya jelas seperti sejam yang lalu, semalam, setahun yang lalu dsb.<br /><br />Berikut beberapa penggunaan Simple Past Tense lebih detail><br /><br />Penggunaan 1:<br />Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk mengekspresikan gagasan bahwa suatu tindakan mulai dan selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Kadang-kadang, pembicara mungkin tidak benar-benar menyebutkan waktu tertentu, tetapi baik pembicara maupun pendengar memiliki satu waktu tertentu dalam pikiran mereka.<br /><br />Contoh:<br /># I saw a movie yesterday.<br /># I didn't see a play yesterday.<br /># Last year, I traveled to Japan.<br /># Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.<br /># Did you have dinner last night?<br /># She washed her car.<br /># He didn't wash his car.<br /><br />Penggunaan 2:<br />Kita menggunakan Simple Past ke serangkaian tindakan diselesaikan di masa lalu. Tindakan ini terjadi berurutan.<br /><br />Contoh:<br /># finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.<br /># He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.<br /># Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? <br /> <br />Penggunaan 3:<br />Simple Past dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan durasi aktivitas yang dimulai dan berhenti di masa lalu. Durasi aktivitas tersebut biasanya terjadi dalam waktu lama di masa lalu seperti: selama dua tahun, selama lima menit, sepanjang hari, sepanjang tahun, dll<br /><br />Contoh:<br /> * I lived in Brazil for two years.<br /> * Shauna studied Japanese for five years.<br /> * They sat at the beach all day.<br /> * They did not stay at the party the entire time.<br /> * We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.<br /> * A: How long did you wait for them?<br /> B: We waited for one hour.<br /><br />Penggunaan 4:<br />Simple Past juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan kebiasaan yang berhenti di masa lalu yang dapat memiliki arti yang sama seperti "dulu." Untuk memperjelas bahwa kita sedang berbicara tentang kebiasaan, kita sering menambahkan ungkapan-ungkapan seperti: selalu, sering, biasanya, tidak pernah, ketika aku masih kecil, ketika aku masih muda, dll<br /><br />Contoh:<br />* I studied French when I was a child.<br />* He played the violin.<br />* He didn't play the piano.<br />* Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?<br />* She worked at the movie theater after school.<br />* They never went to school, they always skipped class.<br /><br />Penggunaan 5:<br />Simple Past juga dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan fakta-fakta masa lalu atau generalisasi yang tidak lagi benar. Seperti dalam penggunaan 4 di atas, penggunaan Simple Past Tense dalam tipe ini sangat mirip dengan ungkapan <span style="font-style:italic;">used to</span> (dulu).<br />Contoh:<br />* She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.<br />* He didn't like tomatoes before.<br />* Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?<br />* People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1497144086915877481.post-45011948763835035532010-02-02T04:44:00.000-08:002010-02-02T04:53:52.048-08:00Simple Present Continuous Tense<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqdqmpbDEbMivtjOTfEY3w67eoqv9lgI9G-_IGPYQkqBTrWl2m5goKr2crdgzTa4i-byXtKc6WjqMOjPUPq8ujSqaTqWiXsk0EmU8tIQh93zQQirxyHcGO3eVc7xsV2dpsFmQlQ6TKsw8/s1600-h/presentc1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqdqmpbDEbMivtjOTfEY3w67eoqv9lgI9G-_IGPYQkqBTrWl2m5goKr2crdgzTa4i-byXtKc6WjqMOjPUPq8ujSqaTqWiXsk0EmU8tIQh93zQQirxyHcGO3eVc7xsV2dpsFmQlQ6TKsw8/s320/presentc1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5433626813839743378" /></a><br /> <object width="560" height="340"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/b7Gw6MFRfLI&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/b7Gw6MFRfLI&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="560" height="340"></embed></object><br />Sekarang kita masuk ke pembahasan mengenai Simple Present Continuous Tense atau lazim juga disebut dengan Simple Proggressive Tense. Adapun pola kalimatnya adalah;<br /><br />S + to be + V-ing (+)<br />to be + S + V-ing? (?)<br />S + to be + NOT + V-ing. (-)<br /><br />Kita menggunakan Simple Present Continuous Tense untuk berbicara tentang kegiatan-kegiatan yang terjadi sekarang.<br /><br />Contoh:<br /> The kids are watching TV.<br /> I am sitting down, because I am tired.<br /> I am not learning German, because this is an English class.<br /> Who are you writing to? <br /><br />Kita juga dapat menggunakan Present Continuous Tense untuk berbicara tentang kegiatan-kegiatan yang terjadi di sekitar sekarang, dan belum tentu saat ini.<br /><br />Contoh: <br /> Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week.<br /> I am reading a really interesting book now.<br /> How are you brushing up on your English for the trip?<br /> We aren't working hard these days.<br /><br />Simple Present Continuous Tense ini juga digunakan untuk berbicara tentang kegiatan-kegiatan yang terjadi dalam waktu dekat, terutama untuk kegiatan mendatang.<br /><br />Contoh:<br /> I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday.<br /> Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow.<br /> Are you doing anything tonight?<br /> We aren't going on holiday next week.<br /><br />Perlu diingat bahwa tidak semua kata kerja dapat dibentuk dalam kalimat Simple Presenty Continuous Tense ini seperti: <br /><br />Want<br />Know<br />Understand<br />Hate<br />Like<br />Love<br />Dislike<br />Need<br /><br />Kata-kata kerja tersebut adalah kata yang cenderung menyatakan keadaan emosi (Emotional State)sehingga tidak menyatakan kegiatan yang bergerak.<br /><br />Jadi TIDAK ADA kalimat seperti:<br /><br />I am WANTING a book now<br /><br />She is NEEDING some money now, dsb.<br /><br />Untuk kata-kata tersebut harus disusun dalam kalimat Present Tense saja walaupun keterangan waktunya sedang terjadi di masa sekarang.nofri http://www.blogger.com/profile/05159891736738744932noreply@blogger.com0